| Gene symbol |
Class |
Synonyms |
Chromosomes |
Germplasms |
| Level1 |
Level2 |
Level3 |
Level4 |
|
V1
|
Chlorophyll Abnormalities |
Virescent |
|
|
|
3B,3BS |
v:CS |
Comment:
|
|
V2
|
Chlorophyll Abnormalities |
Virescent |
|
|
|
3A |
v:CS |
Comment:
|
|
Vgw
|
Temperature-Sensitive Winter Variegation |
|
|
|
Vg |
5BL |
v:Bersee,v:Cappelle-Desprez,v:Hobbit Sib,v:Mara |
Comment:
Variegation is dominant {1596}.
|
|
Vi
|
Restorers for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility |
Restorers for Aegilops longissima cytoplasm |
|
|
|
1B,1BS |
v:T. turgidum |
Comment:
Probably derived from a cv. Selkirk (T. aestivum) line with Ae. cylindrica cytoplasm {867}.
|
|
Vil-1
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
ma:T. monococcum chromosome 5Am |
Comment:
GenBank DQ886919 {10531}.
|
|
Vil-2
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
ma:T. monococcum chromosome 6Am |
Comment:
GenBank DQ886917 {10531}.
|
|
Vil-3
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
ma:T. monococcum chromosome 1Am |
Comment:
GenBank DQ886918 {10531}.
|
|
Vp-A1
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
3AL |
|
Comment:
|
|
Vp-A1a
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
v:Nongda 311,c:599 bp |
Comment:
Higher germination index.
|
|
Vp-A1b
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
3A |
v:Wanxianbaimaizi,v:Yannong 15,c:596 bp |
Comment:
Lower germination index.
|
|
Vp-A1c
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
v:Jing 411,c:593 bp |
Comment:
Higher germination index.
|
|
Vp-A1d
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
v:Xiaoyan 6,c:590 bp |
Comment:
Lower germination index.
|
|
Vp-A1e
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
v:Zhengzhou 6,v:Bainong 64,c:581 bp |
Comment:
Higher germination index.
|
|
Vp-A1f
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
v:Yumai 34,c:545 bp |
Comment:
Higher germination index.
|
|
Vp-A1g
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
Vp-1Ab |
3A |
v:Kayansona,v:Sonalika,v:Yaqui 50,v:Yecora Rojo 76,c:GenBank GU385899 |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-A1h
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
Vp-1Ad |
3A |
v:Attila,v:Glenlea,v:Tanori F71,c:GenBank GU385901 |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-A1i
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
Vp-1Af |
3A |
v:Debeira,v:Kancahn,v:Rayon F89,c:GenBank GU385903 |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-B1
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
|
Comment:
|
|
Vp-B1a
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
v:Charger,v:Zhongyou 9507,v:271 accessions,c:AJ400713 |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-B1b
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
v:Altria,v:Recital,v:Yongchuanbaimai,v:2 accessions,c:193 bp insertion in third intron relative to Vp-A1a |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-B1c
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
v:Scipion,v:Xinong 979,v:101 others,c:83 bp deletion relative to Vp-B1a |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-B1d
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
|
c:25 bp deletion relative to Vp-A1a |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-B1e
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
Vp-1Be |
|
v:Fulingkemai,v:Hongheshangtou,v:Hongmangchum,v:Wangshuibai,c:83 bp deletion, 4 bp insertion and 2 SNPs relative to Vp-B1a |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-B1f
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
Vp-1Bf |
|
v:Wanxanbaimaizi |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-B1g
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
Vp-1Bg |
3B |
v:HD2939,v:Pavon 76,v:Sonora 64,c:GenBank GU385904 |
Comment:
|
|
Vp-D1
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
3DL |
|
Comment:
AJ400714 {10919}.
|
|
Vp-D1a
|
Dormancy (Seed) |
Vivipary |
|
|
|
3DL |
v:81 Chinese wheat cultivars,c:5 pairs of primers |
Comment:
AJ400714 {10919}
|
|
Vrn-1
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comment:
Synonymous with TaVRT-1 {10019}
Orthologous series in long arms of chromosomes of homoeologous group 5. Vrn-1 is a MADS-box gene similar to Arabidopsis APETALA1 {10014}. Spring types are associated with mutations in the promoter or the first intron {10014, 10198, 10202, 10288}. Reduction of Vrn-1 transcripts in transgenic hexaploid spring wheat delays flowering {10300}.
A polymorphism between Jagger and 2174 was associated with vrn-A1a. A point mutation occurred in exon 4 {10695}; 17 of 19 genotypes surveyed, including Jagalene, carried the 2174 mutation and only Jagger and Overley carried the Jagger allele {10695}.
Vrn-1 genotypes in Pacific Northwest USA wheats are listed in {10695}.
|
|
Vrn-2
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comment:
Orthologous series in chromosomes of homoeologous group 4. Vrn-Am2 was located in T. monococcum {279} on chromosome 5Am on the 4Am translocated region. Vrn-Am2 was mapped to the distally located Xwg114-5A - Xwec87-5A region {0312}. Vrn-H2(sh/sgh1) occurs in barley chromosome 4H {1455} and is probably orthologous to Vrn-Am2 based on comparative maps {279,767}. Vrn-2 is a zinc-finger/CCT domain transcription factor (ZCCT1) {10299}, and repressor of flowering down-regulated by vernalization and short days {10301}. Reduction of Vrn-2 transcripts in transgenic hexaploid winter wheat accelerates flowering {10299}. A triple Vrn2 mutant (PI 676269), synthetic vrn2-null) is available in hexaploid wheat combining the non-functional vrn-A2 allele present in most polyploid wheats with a Vrn-B2 deletion from tetraploid wheat, and a non-functional vrn-D2 allele from Ae. tauschii {11124}.
|
|
Vrn-A1
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
ma:Xgwm271-5A - 6.5 cM - Vrn-A1 - Xbarc232-5A |
Comment:
Dominant spring habit alleles at the Vrn-A1 locus
|
|
Vrn-A1a
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
Vrn1,Sk |
5AL |
i:Triple Dirk D (GenBank AY616458 & AY616459),s:Kharkov 22MC*/Rescue 5A,s:Winalta*8/Rescue 5A,s:Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-D1a Vrn-B1a,v:Cadet,v:Conley,v:Diamant II,v:Falcon,v:Koga II,v:Kolben,v:Konosu 25,v:Marquis,v:Reward,v:Saitama 27,v:Saratov 29,v:Saratovskaya 29,v:Saratovskaya 210,v:Shabati Sonora,v:Thatcher,v:WW15,v2:Shortandinka Vrn-B1a,v2:Takari Vrn-B1a,v2:Triple Dirk Vrn-B1a,v2:Hope Vrn-B4a,ma:Vrn-A1 - 7.5 cM - Xwg644-5A,ma:Located mid 5A cosegregating with Xcdo504-5A, Xwg644-5A and Xpsr426-5A,ma:Vrn-A1 - 0.8 cM - Xbcd450-5A/Xrz395-5A - 4.2 cM - Xpsr426-5A |
Comment:
Cultivars possessing Vrn-A1a are insensitive to vernalization. Vrn-A1a is epistatic to other genes. According to {1221}, Vrn-A1a is not always fully dominant and not always epistatic. Kuspira et al. {745} attributed single gene variation in T. monococcum to the Vrn-A1a locus. Multiple recessive alleles were suggested {745}. Vrn-Am1 was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 5Am closely linked to the same RFLP markers as Vrn-A1 {279}. Vrn-Am1 was mapped to the Xcdo504-5A - Xpsr426-5A region {0312}. In the opinion of the curators this location may not be correct
Multiple alleles also were reported in {9930}, and the dominant allele of Novosibirskaya 67 and the weaker dominant allele of Pirotrix 28 were designated Vrn1a and Vrn1b, respectively.
|
|
Vrn-A1b
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
v:Marquis PI94548 (GenBank AY616461),tv:T. turgidum var. durum ST36 |
Comment:
|
|
Vrn-A1c
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
v:IL162,v:IL369 {10198} has a 5.5 kb deletion in Vrn-A1 intron 1,tv:Aldura PI 486150,tv:Leeds CI 13796,tv:Mexicali 75 PI 433760,tv:Minos CI 15161 {10202}. Most durum genotypes have a 7.2 kb deletion in intron 1 |
Comment:
This allele has a promoter similar to recessive vrn-A1a from Triple Dirk C {10198} and a large deletion in intron 1 {10202}.
|
|
Vrn-A1d
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
tv:T. turgidum var. dicoccoides Amrim 34,tv:FA15 (GenBank AY616462),tv:Iraq 8736,tv:Tabigha 15 |
Comment:
|
|
Vrn-A1e
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
tv:T. turgidum var. dicoccum ST27 = Vernal (GenBank AY616463) |
Comment:
|
|
Vrn-A2a
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
dv:G1777,dv:G3116 |
Comment:
Winter habit, dominant in diploid wheat {279}
|
|
Vrn-A2b
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
dv:DV92,dv:PI 355517,dv:PI 345242,dv:PI 352475,dv:PI 277137 |
Comment:
Spring habit, recessive in diploid wheat.
Contains a non-functional mutation in the CCT domain {10299}.
|
|
Vrn-A2c
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
dv:PI 352484,dv:PI 323437,dv:PI 286068,dv:PI 591871,dv:PI 542474,dv:PI 428175,dv:PI 237659,dv:PI 221329,dv:PI 225164,dv:PI 377662,dv:PI 377648,dv:PI 362610 |
Comment:
Spring habit, recessive in diploid wheat
Complete deletion of the ZCCT1 gene {10299}.
|
|
Vrn-B1
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
ma:Tsn1 - 14.8 cM - Vrn-B1 - 0.7 cM - Xwmc75-5B |
Comment:
|
|
Vrn-B1a
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
Vrn4,Vrn2,Ss,Vrn2a = Vrn2,Vrn2b = Vrn2 |
5B,5D,5BL,5B,5BL or 7BL |
i:Ank-18,i:Triple Dirk B,s:Diamant 1*8/Mironovskaya 5A,s:Diamant 1*8/Skorospelka 35 5A,s:Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-A1 Vrn-D1a,s:Saratovskaya 29*8/Mironovskaya 808 5A,s:Saratovskaya 29*8/Odesskaya 51 5A,v:Bersee,v:Brown Schlanstedt,v:Cadet,v:Festiguay,v:Magali,v:Mara,v:Milturum 321,v:Milturum 885,v:Noe,v:Pyrothrix 28,v:Spica,v:T. spelta var. duhamelianum KT19-1,v:Ulyanovka 9,v2:Borsum Vrn1-A1a,v2:Dala Vrn1-A1a,v2:Diamant 1 Vrn1,v2:Gabo Vrn4,v2:Halland Vrn-A1a,v2:Harukikari Vrn-A1a,v2:Rubin Vrn-A1a,v2:Saratovskaya 29 Vrn-A1a,v2:Shortandinka Vrn-A1a,v2:Triple Dirk Vrn-A1a,ma:A dCAPS marker derived from Xwg644-5B was 1.7 cM from Vrn-B1,ma:Vrn-B1a - 1.6 cM - Xwg644-5B - 2.5 cM - Xgwm408-5B,ma:Closely linked to Xgwm408-5B in Diamant I*/Mironovskaya 808 5A // Bezostaya 1,ma:A close association of Vrn-B1 with Xcdo1326-5B was reported in,c:GenBank AY74603.1 |
Comment:
When mapped as a QTL Vrn-B1 showed closest association with Xgwm408-5B {10007}.
All common wheat genotypes carrying Vrn-B1a studied so far have a 6.8 kb deletion in intron 1 (Triple Dirk B, Bersee, Festiguay, Mara, Milturum, Noe, Spica) {10202}.
Two variants of Vrn-B1a were distinguished in {920,921}. Carriers of an earlier designated Vrn2b (characterized by Diamant 1*8/Skorospelka 35 5A) showed accelerated flowering after 15 and 30 days of vernalization, whereas carriers of Vrn-2a, (characterized by Ank-18 and Saratovskaya 29*8/Mironovskaya 808 5A) did not respond to these periods of vernalization. This distinction was not made in the above list.
|
|
Vrn-B1b
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
v:Alpowa,v:Ciano 67,v:Polo,v:Yaktana 54,c:GenBank FJ766015. Relative to Vrn-B1a (Triple Dirk B), Vrn-b1b has a G-C SNP at position 1656 and a 36 bp deletion at 1661-1696 |
Comment:
|
|
Vrn-B1c
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
tv:T. turgidum ssp. carthlicum PI 94749,c:GenBank JN817430 contains a 5,463 retrotransposons insertion in the 5' UTR region |
Comment:
|
|
Vrn-B2
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
4BL |
|
Comment:
A study of winter wheats 2174 and Jagger showed that 2174 has a tandem repeat of Vrn-B2 whereas Jagger has a deletion of this gene {11163}. Identical apparently functional sequences of Vrn-B2 were found in contig sequences of Chinese Spring obtained from chromosomes 4BS, 2BS and 5DL {11163}.
|
|
Vrn-B3
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
Vrn-4B,Vrn5,eHi |
7BS |
s:CS(Hope 7B) Vrn-D1a,v2:Hope Vrn-A1a,ma:Vrn-B3 is completely linked to TaFT and 1 cM distal to Xabc158-7B on the region of 7BS proximal to the translocation with homoeologous group 5 |
Comment:
The dominant Vrn-B3 allele in Hope has a retrotransposon insertion in the TaFT promoter (GenBank DQ890165) {10421}. Transformation of winter wheat Jagger with the dominant Vrn-B3 significantly accelerated flowering {10421}. Different Hope seed sources were heterogeneous for this insertion {10421}. The retrotransposon insertion in the TaFT promoter is present in the CS (Hope 7B) {10421}.
|
|
Vrn-D1
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
5DL |
|
Comment:
Vrn3{1172}
Vrn-D1a, Vrn-d1b and Vrn-D1 were present in 27.3, 20.6 and 52.1% of 689 Chinese wheat accessions {11072}.
|
|
Vrn-D1a
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
i:Triple Dirk E,s:Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-A1a,v:Chinese Spring,v:Loro,v:Norin 61,v:Shinchunaga,v:Shirasagi Komugi,v:Ushio Komugi,v2:Rescue Vrn-B1a |
Comment:
All the common wheat genotypes carrying Vrn-D1a studied so far have a 6.8 kb deletion in intron 1 (Triple Dirk E, Chinese Spring, Norin 61, Shinchunaga, Shirasagi Komugi, Ushio Komugi) {10202}.
Stock:Genotype:Vernalization Response
Triple Dirk, Kolben: Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1b Vrn-D1b: No
Triple Dirk B, Festiguay :Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1a Vrn-D1b:Yes
Gabo:Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1a Vrn-D1b: Yes
Triple Dirk E, Chinese Spring:Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1b Vrn-D1a:Yes
Triple Dirk F: Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1b Vrn-D1b Vrn-D5a: Yes
Triple Dirk C: Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1b Vrn-D1b Vrn-D5b: Yes Winter type.
|
|
Vrn-D1b
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
|
v:Additional Chinese germplasm |
Comment:
|
|
Vrn-D2
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
|
4DL |
|
Comment:
|
|
Vrn-D5a
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
Vrn-D5,Vrn4 |
5D,5DL |
i:Triple Dirk F,v2:Gabo Vrn-B1a,v2:IL47 Vrn-A1a,ma:Xgdm3-5D - 11.5 & 4.5 cM - Vrn-D5a |
Comment:
Eight landraces with only Vrn-D5a were detected in {10003}; others combined Vrn-D5a with other Vrn genes. Stelmakh {1424} doubted the existence of Vrn-D5a. Goncharov {10108} confirmed the existence of Vrn-D5a but failed to confirm its location on chromosome 5D. References to additional studies are given in {1424}.
QTL: Analysis in Courtot/CS {0132}.
A QTL on chromosome 5BL was linked to Xgwm604-5B (this QTL explained 11% of the variance in flowering time) {10075}.
Three genes up-regulated by vernalization were cloned from T. monococcum {10531}. These were VIN3-like genes similar to Arabidopsis VIN3.
|
|
Vrn-H3
|
Response to Vernalization |
|
|
|
Sh3 |
|
ma:Completely linked to HvFT and 1 cM distal to Xabc158 on 7HS. Originally mapped incorrectly on 1H based on loose linkage |
Comment:
|
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