| Gene symbol |
Class |
Synonyms |
Chromosomes |
Germplasms |
| Level1 |
Level2 |
Level3 |
Level4 |
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Vrn-A2c
|
Response to Vernalization |
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dv:PI 352484,dv:PI 323437,dv:PI 286068,dv:PI 591871,dv:PI 542474,dv:PI 428175,dv:PI 237659,dv:PI 221329,dv:PI 225164,dv:PI 377662,dv:PI 377648,dv:PI 362610 |
Comment:
Spring habit, recessive in diploid wheat
Complete deletion of the ZCCT1 gene {10299}.
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Vrn-D1a
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Response to Vernalization |
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i:Triple Dirk E,s:Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-A1a,v:Chinese Spring,v:Loro,v:Norin 61,v:Shinchunaga,v:Shirasagi Komugi,v:Ushio Komugi,v2:Rescue Vrn-B1a |
Comment:
All the common wheat genotypes carrying Vrn-D1a studied so far have a 6.8 kb deletion in intron 1 (Triple Dirk E, Chinese Spring, Norin 61, Shinchunaga, Shirasagi Komugi, Ushio Komugi) {10202}.
Stock:Genotype:Vernalization Response
Triple Dirk, Kolben: Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1b Vrn-D1b: No
Triple Dirk B, Festiguay :Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1a Vrn-D1b:Yes
Gabo:Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1a Vrn-D1b: Yes
Triple Dirk E, Chinese Spring:Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1b Vrn-D1a:Yes
Triple Dirk F: Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1b Vrn-D1b Vrn-D5a: Yes
Triple Dirk C: Vrn-A1b Vrn-B1b Vrn-D1b Vrn-D5b: Yes Winter type.
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vrn-A1a
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:Claire,v:Triple Dirk C,v2:Chinese Spring Vrn-D1a,c:GenBank AY616455 |
Comment:
vrn-A1a {10198}
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Vil-3
|
Response to Vernalization |
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ma:T. monococcum chromosome 1Am |
Comment:
GenBank DQ886918 {10531}.
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Vrn-1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Comment:
Synonymous with TaVRT-1 {10019}
Orthologous series in long arms of chromosomes of homoeologous group 5. Vrn-1 is a MADS-box gene similar to Arabidopsis APETALA1 {10014}. Spring types are associated with mutations in the promoter or the first intron {10014, 10198, 10202, 10288}. Reduction of Vrn-1 transcripts in transgenic hexaploid spring wheat delays flowering {10300}.
A polymorphism between Jagger and 2174 was associated with vrn-A1a. A point mutation occurred in exon 4 {10695}; 17 of 19 genotypes surveyed, including Jagalene, carried the 2174 mutation and only Jagger and Overley carried the Jagger allele {10695}.
Vrn-1 genotypes in Pacific Northwest USA wheats are listed in {10695}.
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Vrn-B1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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ma:Tsn1 - 14.8 cM - Vrn-B1 - 0.7 cM - Xwmc75-5B |
Comment:
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Vrn-A1d
|
Response to Vernalization |
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tv:T. turgidum var. dicoccoides Amrim 34,tv:FA15 (GenBank AY616462),tv:Iraq 8736,tv:Tabigha 15 |
Comment:
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Vrn-A2b
|
Response to Vernalization |
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dv:DV92,dv:PI 355517,dv:PI 345242,dv:PI 352475,dv:PI 277137 |
Comment:
Spring habit, recessive in diploid wheat.
Contains a non-functional mutation in the CCT domain {10299}.
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Vrn-A1c
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:IL162,v:IL369 {10198} has a 5.5 kb deletion in Vrn-A1 intron 1,tv:Aldura PI 486150,tv:Leeds CI 13796,tv:Mexicali 75 PI 433760,tv:Minos CI 15161 {10202}. Most durum genotypes have a 7.2 kb deletion in intron 1 |
Comment:
This allele has a promoter similar to recessive vrn-A1a from Triple Dirk C {10198} and a large deletion in intron 1 {10202}.
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Vil-1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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ma:T. monococcum chromosome 5Am |
Comment:
GenBank DQ886919 {10531}.
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Vrn-A1e
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Response to Vernalization |
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tv:T. turgidum var. dicoccum ST27 = Vernal (GenBank AY616463) |
Comment:
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Vrn-B1c
|
Response to Vernalization |
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tv:T. turgidum ssp. carthlicum PI 94749,c:GenBank JN817430 contains a 5,463 retrotransposons insertion in the 5' UTR region |
Comment:
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vrn-B3
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:Chinese Spring Vrn-D1 (GenBank DQ890162) |
Comment:
In both wheat and barley Vrn-3 is completely linked with a flowering promoter gene homologous to Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS (FT) {10421}. Polymorphisms in the A and D genome copies of TaFT are associated with variation of earliness components in hexaploid wheat {10533}.
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vrn-A1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Comment:
Copy number variation for vrn-A1 was detected in IL369 (2 copies) {10202}, Malacca (2 copies) and Heeward (3 copies). Higher copy number was associated with later flowering or with increasing requirement for vernalization (i.e. longer exposure to cold is needed to achieve full vernalization) {10881}.
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vrn-A1c
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:Hereward,c:GenBank JF965397 |
Comment:
A comparison of Claire (vrn-A1a), Malacca (vrn-A1b) and Hereward (vrn-A1c) indicated that increasing gene copy number is associated with lateness {10881}. Two winter alleles were identified based on an SNP in exon 4 {10656}.
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Vrn-B3
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Vrn-4B,Vrn5,eHi |
7BS |
s:CS(Hope 7B) Vrn-D1a,v2:Hope Vrn-A1a,ma:Vrn-B3 is completely linked to TaFT and 1 cM distal to Xabc158-7B on the region of 7BS proximal to the translocation with homoeologous group 5 |
Comment:
The dominant Vrn-B3 allele in Hope has a retrotransposon insertion in the TaFT promoter (GenBank DQ890165) {10421}. Transformation of winter wheat Jagger with the dominant Vrn-B3 significantly accelerated flowering {10421}. Different Hope seed sources were heterogeneous for this insertion {10421}. The retrotransposon insertion in the TaFT promoter is present in the CS (Hope 7B) {10421}.
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Vrn3
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Comment:
Orthologous series in chromosomes of homoeologous group 1 predicted from orthology with Vrn-H3(Sh3) in barley chromosome 1H {1455,1316}. Aneuploid and whole chromosome substitution experiments showed that all group 1 chromosomes of wheat carry genes affecting response to vernalization {773}.
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Vrn-2
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Comment:
Orthologous series in chromosomes of homoeologous group 4. Vrn-Am2 was located in T. monococcum {279} on chromosome 5Am on the 4Am translocated region. Vrn-Am2 was mapped to the distally located Xwg114-5A - Xwec87-5A region {0312}. Vrn-H2(sh/sgh1) occurs in barley chromosome 4H {1455} and is probably orthologous to Vrn-Am2 based on comparative maps {279,767}. Vrn-2 is a zinc-finger/CCT domain transcription factor (ZCCT1) {10299}, and repressor of flowering down-regulated by vernalization and short days {10301}. Reduction of Vrn-2 transcripts in transgenic hexaploid winter wheat accelerates flowering {10299}. A triple Vrn2 mutant (PI 676269), synthetic vrn2-null) is available in hexaploid wheat combining the non-functional vrn-A2 allele present in most polyploid wheats with a Vrn-B2 deletion from tetraploid wheat, and a non-functional vrn-D2 allele from Ae. tauschii {11124}.
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Vrn-B1b
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:Alpowa,v:Ciano 67,v:Polo,v:Yaktana 54,c:GenBank FJ766015. Relative to Vrn-B1a (Triple Dirk B), Vrn-b1b has a G-C SNP at position 1656 and a 36 bp deletion at 1661-1696 |
Comment:
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Vrn-A2a
|
Response to Vernalization |
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dv:G1777,dv:G3116 |
Comment:
Winter habit, dominant in diploid wheat {279}
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vrn-A1b
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:IL369,v:Malacca,c:GenBank JF965396 |
Comment:
This allele has two copies of the gene, possibly arranged in tandem although the physical structure is unknown. Both copies are distinguished from Chinese Spring vrn-A1a by a SNP in exon 7 (T in Malacca, C in Chinese Spring). One copy also has a SNP in exon 4 (T in Malacca, C in Chinese Spring). Sequenced cDNAs from Malacca show that both copies are expressed. {10881}.
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Vrn-D1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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5DL |
|
Comment:
Vrn3{1172}
Vrn-D1a, Vrn-d1b and Vrn-D1 were present in 27.3, 20.6 and 52.1% of 689 Chinese wheat accessions {11072}.
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Vrn-A1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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ma:Xgwm271-5A - 6.5 cM - Vrn-A1 - Xbarc232-5A |
Comment:
Dominant spring habit alleles at the Vrn-A1 locus
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vrn-A1w
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Response to Vernalization |
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v:Bezostaya,v:Bavicora M 92,v:Kavkaz,v:Gennson 81,v:Seri M 82,v:Wichita |
Comment:
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vrn1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:DV92,v:G1777,v:G3116,ma:Vrn1 was completely linked to MADS-box genes AP1 and AGLG1. AP1 was considered a better candidate than AGLG1 and differences between winter and spring genotypes appeared to be related to differences in the promoter region of AP1,ma:The involvement of AP1 in vernalization response conditioned by Vrn-1 was also reported in |
Comment:
Winter type
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Vrn4
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Vrn5,Vrn-D5 |
5D,5DL |
i:Triple Dirk F,s:CS (Hope 7B) VrnD1a,v2:Gabo Vrn-B1a,v2:IL47/Vrn-A1a,bin:Centromeric region,ma:Xgdm3-5D - 11.5 & 4.5 cM - Vrn4,ma:Located in a 1.8 cM interval flanked by markers Xcfd78-5D and Xbarc205-5D |
Comment:
Eight land races with only Vrn4 were detected in {10003}; others combined Vrn4 with other Vrn genes. Stelmakh {1424} doubted the existence of Vrn4. Goncharov {10108} confirmed the existence of Vrn4 but failed to confirm its location on chromosome 5D. References to additional studies are given in {1424}.
Vrn4 was mapped on the centromeric region of 5D between markers. Incorrect TDF seed stocks generated confusion about Vrn-D4 existence {10711}. Eight land races with only Vrn4 were detected in {10003}; others combined Vrn4 with other Vrn genes. Stelmakh {1424} doubted the existence of Vrn4. Goncharov {10108} confirmed the existence of Vrn4 but failed to confirm its location on chromosome 5D.
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Vrn-A1b
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:Marquis PI94548 (GenBank AY616461),tv:T. turgidum var. durum ST36 |
Comment:
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vrn-A1v
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Response to Vernalization |
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v:Don Ernesto INTA,v:Jagger,v:Norin 61,v:Opal |
Comment:
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Vrn-B1a
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Vrn4,Vrn2,Ss,Vrn2a = Vrn2,Vrn2b = Vrn2 |
5B,5D,5BL,5B,5BL or 7BL |
i:Ank-18,i:Triple Dirk B,s:Diamant 1*8/Mironovskaya 5A,s:Diamant 1*8/Skorospelka 35 5A,s:Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-A1 Vrn-D1a,s:Saratovskaya 29*8/Mironovskaya 808 5A,s:Saratovskaya 29*8/Odesskaya 51 5A,v:Bersee,v:Brown Schlanstedt,v:Cadet,v:Festiguay,v:Magali,v:Mara,v:Milturum 321,v:Milturum 885,v:Noe,v:Pyrothrix 28,v:Spica,v:T. spelta var. duhamelianum KT19-1,v:Ulyanovka 9,v2:Borsum Vrn1-A1a,v2:Dala Vrn1-A1a,v2:Diamant 1 Vrn1,v2:Gabo Vrn4,v2:Halland Vrn-A1a,v2:Harukikari Vrn-A1a,v2:Rubin Vrn-A1a,v2:Saratovskaya 29 Vrn-A1a,v2:Shortandinka Vrn-A1a,v2:Triple Dirk Vrn-A1a,ma:A dCAPS marker derived from Xwg644-5B was 1.7 cM from Vrn-B1,ma:Vrn-B1a - 1.6 cM - Xwg644-5B - 2.5 cM - Xgwm408-5B,ma:Closely linked to Xgwm408-5B in Diamant I*/Mironovskaya 808 5A // Bezostaya 1,ma:A close association of Vrn-B1 with Xcdo1326-5B was reported in,c:GenBank AY74603.1 |
Comment:
When mapped as a QTL Vrn-B1 showed closest association with Xgwm408-5B {10007}.
All common wheat genotypes carrying Vrn-B1a studied so far have a 6.8 kb deletion in intron 1 (Triple Dirk B, Bersee, Festiguay, Mara, Milturum, Noe, Spica) {10202}.
Two variants of Vrn-B1a were distinguished in {920,921}. Carriers of an earlier designated Vrn2b (characterized by Diamant 1*8/Skorospelka 35 5A) showed accelerated flowering after 15 and 30 days of vernalization, whereas carriers of Vrn-2a, (characterized by Ank-18 and Saratovskaya 29*8/Mironovskaya 808 5A) did not respond to these periods of vernalization. This distinction was not made in the above list.
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Vrn-D5a
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Vrn-D5,Vrn4 |
5D,5DL |
i:Triple Dirk F,v2:Gabo Vrn-B1a,v2:IL47 Vrn-A1a,ma:Xgdm3-5D - 11.5 & 4.5 cM - Vrn-D5a |
Comment:
Eight landraces with only Vrn-D5a were detected in {10003}; others combined Vrn-D5a with other Vrn genes. Stelmakh {1424} doubted the existence of Vrn-D5a. Goncharov {10108} confirmed the existence of Vrn-D5a but failed to confirm its location on chromosome 5D. References to additional studies are given in {1424}.
QTL: Analysis in Courtot/CS {0132}.
A QTL on chromosome 5BL was linked to Xgwm604-5B (this QTL explained 11% of the variance in flowering time) {10075}.
Three genes up-regulated by vernalization were cloned from T. monococcum {10531}. These were VIN3-like genes similar to Arabidopsis VIN3.
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vrn-B1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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c:GenBank AY747604.1 |
Comment:
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Vrn-B2
|
Response to Vernalization |
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4BL |
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Comment:
A study of winter wheats 2174 and Jagger showed that 2174 has a tandem repeat of Vrn-B2 whereas Jagger has a deletion of this gene {11163}. Identical apparently functional sequences of Vrn-B2 were found in contig sequences of Chinese Spring obtained from chromosomes 4BS, 2BS and 5DL {11163}.
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Vrn1
|
Response to Vernalization |
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v:G2528 |
Comment:
Spring type
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Vil-2
|
Response to Vernalization |
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ma:T. monococcum chromosome 6Am |
Comment:
GenBank DQ886917 {10531}.
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Vrn-H3
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Sh3 |
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ma:Completely linked to HvFT and 1 cM distal to Xabc158 on 7HS. Originally mapped incorrectly on 1H based on loose linkage |
Comment:
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Vrn-D1b
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Response to Vernalization |
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v:Additional Chinese germplasm |
Comment:
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Vrn-D2
|
Response to Vernalization |
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4DL |
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Comment:
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Vrn-A1a
|
Response to Vernalization |
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Vrn1,Sk |
5AL |
i:Triple Dirk D (GenBank AY616458 & AY616459),s:Kharkov 22MC*/Rescue 5A,s:Winalta*8/Rescue 5A,s:Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-D1a Vrn-B1a,v:Cadet,v:Conley,v:Diamant II,v:Falcon,v:Koga II,v:Kolben,v:Konosu 25,v:Marquis,v:Reward,v:Saitama 27,v:Saratov 29,v:Saratovskaya 29,v:Saratovskaya 210,v:Shabati Sonora,v:Thatcher,v:WW15,v2:Shortandinka Vrn-B1a,v2:Takari Vrn-B1a,v2:Triple Dirk Vrn-B1a,v2:Hope Vrn-B4a,ma:Vrn-A1 - 7.5 cM - Xwg644-5A,ma:Located mid 5A cosegregating with Xcdo504-5A, Xwg644-5A and Xpsr426-5A,ma:Vrn-A1 - 0.8 cM - Xbcd450-5A/Xrz395-5A - 4.2 cM - Xpsr426-5A |
Comment:
Cultivars possessing Vrn-A1a are insensitive to vernalization. Vrn-A1a is epistatic to other genes. According to {1221}, Vrn-A1a is not always fully dominant and not always epistatic. Kuspira et al. {745} attributed single gene variation in T. monococcum to the Vrn-A1a locus. Multiple recessive alleles were suggested {745}. Vrn-Am1 was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 5Am closely linked to the same RFLP markers as Vrn-A1 {279}. Vrn-Am1 was mapped to the Xcdo504-5A - Xpsr426-5A region {0312}. In the opinion of the curators this location may not be correct
Multiple alleles also were reported in {9930}, and the dominant allele of Novosibirskaya 67 and the weaker dominant allele of Pirotrix 28 were designated Vrn1a and Vrn1b, respectively.
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