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Basic Information
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CGSNL Gene Symbol
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PAL1
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Gene Symbol Synonym
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OsPAL, Pal1*, Pal1, PAL, Pal_1, PalI, PAL2, OsPAL01, PAL01, OSPAL, CP-1, GP-1, OsPAL1, PAL3, OsPAL3
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CGSNL Gene Name
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PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE 1
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Gene Name Synonym
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phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1, Phe ammonia lyase 1
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Protein Name
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PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE 1
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Allele
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OsPAL1-CR4, OsPAL1-CR22, ospal1
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Chromosome No.
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2
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Explanation
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EC=4.3.1.24 P14717. X16099. D48330. EF576408. GP-1 (genomic) and CP-1 (cDNA) in Minami et al. 1989 .PAL2 in Xie el al. 2011. PAL3 in Wu et al. 2019. GO:1902584: positive regulation of response to water deprivation. GO:1901698: response to nitrogen compound. GO:1900150: regulation of defense response to fungus.
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Trait Class
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Biochemical character
Vegetative organ - Leaf
Vegetative organ - Culm
Coloration - Anthocyanin
Seed
Tolerance and resistance
Tolerance and resistance - Disease resistance
Tolerance and resistance - Insect resistance
Tolerance and resistance - Stress tolerance
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Expression
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Sequence/Locus
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cDNA Accession No.
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AK102817
AK067923
AK060724
AK058306
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MSU ID
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LOC_Os02g41630.2
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RAP ID
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Os02g0626100
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Links
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Oryzabase Chromosome View
(
IRGSP 1.0
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Build5
)
RAP-DB
(
IRGSP 1.0
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Build5
)
Related IDs List (
IRGSP 1.0
/
Build5
)
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INSD Accession List
(Test version)
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Link to INSD Accession List
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Map
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Locate(cM)
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Link map
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Classical linkage map
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References
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Xiang D., Tu H., Yuan Y., Yao Y., Liao W., Wang H., Yan Y., Wang Y., Chen Y., Liu D., Lv Q., He H., Hu H., Lai X., Yuan M., Xiong H., Dong F., Xiong L.
Adv Sci (Weinh) 2025 12(39) e02662
A Blast-Resistant NLR Gene Confers Drought Resistance by Competitively Interacting with an E3 Ligase to Protect phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in Rice.
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Liu D., He J., Li Q., Zhang X., Wang Y., Sun Q., Wang W., Zhang M., Wang Y., Xu H., Fang L., Jiang L., Liu S., Chen L., Tian Y., Liu X., Wang R., Zhang Z., Chern M., Dong X., Wang H., Liu Y., Ronald P.C., Wan J.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2025 122(10) e2411164122
A WRKY transcription factor confers broad-spectrum resistance to biotic stresses and yield stability in rice.
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Wang C., Zhao H., Zhou Y., Zhang H., Chen X., Liang W., Zheng H., Hou F., Zhang J., Xie L., Zhao M., Zheng B., Li J.
Front Plant Sci 2025 16 1584423
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveal the molecular mechanism for triggering the formation of purple leaves in rice mutants <i>nip-lpl</i> and <i>nip-dpl</i>.
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Wu X., Yang L., Han J., Liu H., Chen G., Wang H., Feng X., Zhang W., Liu K., Zhang Z.
BMC Genomics 2025 26(1) 792
Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis unveils heat-tolerance-associated flavonoid metabolites and genes in the rice REL1-D mutant.
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An Z., Yang Z., Zhou Y., Huo S., Zhang S., Wu D., Shu X., Wang Y.
Plant Cell Environ. 2024
OsJRL negatively regulates rice cold tolerance via interfering phenylalanine metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Zhang H., Hui G., Gao G., Ali I., Tang M., Chen L., Zhong X., Jiang L., Liang T., Zhang X.
Plants (Basel) 2024 13(17)
Physiological and Proteomic Analysis of Various Priming on Rice Seed under Chilling Stress.
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Shad M.A., Li X., Rao M.J., Luo Z., Li X., Ali A., Wang L.
Int J Mol Sci 2024 25(18)
Exploring Lignin Biosynthesis Genes in Rice: Evolution, Function, and Expression.
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Plant Cell Environ. 2024 47(9) 3668
Correction to 'OsJRL negatively regulates rice cold tolerance via interfering phenylalanine metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis'.
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Wang R., You X., Zhang C., Fang H., Wang M., Zhang F., Kang H., Xu X., Liu Z., Wang J., Zhao Q., Wang X., Hao Z., He F., Tao H., Wang D., Wang J., Fang L., Qin M., Zhao T., Zhang P., Xing H., Xiao Y., Liu W., Xie Q., Wang G.L., Ning Y.
Genome Biol. 2022 23(1) 154
An ORFeome of rice E3 ubiquitin ligases for global analysis of the ubiquitination interactome.
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Li Y., Liu P., Mei L., Jiang G., Lv Q., Zhai W., Li C.
Front Plant Sci 2022 13 1065253
Knockout of a papain-like cysteine protease gene <i>OCP</i> enhances blast resistance in rice.
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Gao Y., Xiang X., Zhang Y., Cao Y., Wang B., Zhang Y., Wang C., Jiang M., Duan W., Chen D., Zhan X., Cheng S., Liu Q., Cao L.
Int J Mol Sci 2022 23(2)
Disruption of <i>OsPHD1</i>, Encoding a UDP-glucose epimerase, Causes JA Accumulation and Enhanced Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice.
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Yang X., Gu X., Ding J., Yao L., Gao X., Zhang M., Meng Q., Wei S., Fu J.
BMC Genomics 2022 23(1) 278
Gene expression analysis of resistant and susceptible rice cultivars to sheath blight after inoculation with Rhizoctonia solani.
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Liu Y., Zhang W., Wang Y., Xie L., Zhang Q., Zhang J., Li W., Wu M., Cui J., Wang W., Zhang Z.
Front Plant Sci 2022 13 1054917
<i>Nudix hydrolase 14</i> influences plant development and grain chalkiness in rice.
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Li N., Yang Z., Li J., Xie W., Qin X., Kang Y., Zhang Q., Li X., Xiao J., Ma H., Wang S.
Rice (N Y) 2021 14(1) 39
Two VQ Proteins are Substrates of the OsMPKK6-OsMPK4 Cascade in Rice Defense Against Bacterial Blight.
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Qiao W., Wang Y., Xu R., Yang Z., Sun Y., Su L., Zhang L., Wang J., Huang J., Zheng X., Liu S., Tian Y., Chen L., Liu X., Lan J., Yang Q.
Theor. Appl. Genet. 2021 134(5) 1531-1543
A functional chromogen gene C from wild rice is involved in a different anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in indica and japonica.
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Wang D., Wang H., Liu Q., Tu R., Zhou X., Zhang Y., Wu W., Yu P., Chen D., Zhan X., Cao L., Cheng S., Shen X.
Plant Cell Rep. 2021 40(5) 835-850
Reduction of OsMPK6 activity by a R89K mutation induces cell death and bacterial blight resistance in rice.
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Wang H., Bi Y., Gao Y., Yan Y., Yuan X., Xiong X., Wang J., Liang J., Li D., Song F.
Front Plant Sci 2021 12 802758
A Pathogen-Inducible Rice NAC transcription factor ONAC096 Contributes to Immunity Against <i>Magnaprothe oryzae</i> and <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> by Direct Binding to the Promoters of <i>OsRap2.6</i>, <i>OsWRKY62</i>, and <i>OsPAL1</i>.
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Xu R., Pan R., Zhang Y., Feng Y., Nath U.K., Gan Y., Shi C., Akhter D.
Int J Mol Sci 2021 22(18)
RNA-Seq-Based Profiling of <i>pl</i> Mutant Reveals Transcriptional Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.).
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Jiang J., Yang G., Xin Y., Wang Z., Yan W., Chen Z., Tang X., Xia J.
Genes (Basel) 2021 12(5)
Overexpression of <i>OsMed16</i> Inhibits the Growth of Rice and Causes Spontaneous Cell Death.
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He J., Liu Y., Yuan D., Duan M., Liu Y., Shen Z., Yang C., Qiu Z., Liu D., Wen P., Huang J., Fan D., Xiao S., Xin Y., Chen X., Jiang L., Wang H., Yuan L., Wan J.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2020 117(1) 271-277
An R2R3 MYB transcription factor confers brown planthopper resistance by regulating the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway in rice.
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Khan A., Jalil S., Cao H., Tsago Y., Sunusi M., Chen Z., Shi C., Jin X.
Plants (Basel) 2020 9(11)
The Purple Leaf (<i>pl6</i>) Mutation Regulates Leaf Color by Altering the Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Contents in Rice.
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Tang Y., Chun-Chun Gao, Gao Y., Yang Y., Shi B., Jia-Li Yu, Lyu C., Bao-Fa Sun, Hai-Lin Wang, Xu Y., Yun-Gui Yang, Chong K.
Dev. Cell 2020 53(3) 272-286.e7
OsNSUN2-Mediated 5-Methylcytosine mRNA Modification Enhances Rice Adaptation to High Temperature.
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Wu T., Peng C., Li B., Wu W., Kong L., Li F., Chu Z., Liu F., Ding X.
Rice (N Y) 2019 12(1) 90
OsPGIP1-Mediated Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak in Rice is Beyond Responsive to the Polygalacturonase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola.
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Han Y., Song L., Peng C., Liu X., Liu L., Zhang Y., Wang W., Zhou J., Wang S., Ebbole D., Wang Z., Lu G.D.
Plant Physiol. 2019 179(4) 1416-1430
A <i>Magnaporthe</i> Chitinase Interacts with a Rice Jacalin-Related Lectin to Promote Host Colonization.
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Oshima M., Taniguchi Y., Akasaka M., Abe K., Ichikawa H., Tabei Y., Tanaka J.
Breed. Sci. 2019 69(2) 244-254
Development of a visible marker trait based on leaf sheath-specific anthocyanin pigmentation applicable to various genotypes in rice.
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Atul Prakash Sathe, Su X., Chen Z., Chen T., Wei X., Tang S., Xiao-Bo Zhang, Jian-Li Wu
Rice (N Y) 2019 12(1) 68
Identification and characterization of a spotted-leaf mutant spl40 with enhanced bacterial blight resistance in rice.
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Hong Y., Liu Q., Cao Y., Zhang Y., Chen D., Lou X., Cheng S., Cao L.
Front Plant Sci 2019 10 752
The <i>OsMPK15</i> Negatively Regulates <i>Magnaporthe oryza</i> and <i>Xoo</i> disease resistance via SA and JA Signaling Pathway in Rice.
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Zaidi S.H.R., Zakari S.A., Zhao Q., Khan A.R., Shah J.M., Cheng F.
Antioxidants (Basel) 2019 8(11)
Anthocyanin Accumulation in Black Kernel Mutant Rice and its Contribution to ROS Detoxification in Response to High Temperature at the Filling Stage.
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Fan J., Bai P., Ning Y., Wang J., Shi X., Xiong Y., Zhang K., He F., Zhang C., Wang R., Meng X., Zhou J., Wang M., Shirsekar G., Park C.H., Bellizzi M., Liu W., Jeon J.S., Xia Y., Shan L., Wang G.L.
Cell Host Microbe 2018 23(4) 498-510.e5
The Monocot-Specific Receptor-like Kinase SDS2 Controls Cell Death and Immunity in Rice.
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Nanda S., Wan P.J., Yuan S.Y., Lai F.X., Wang W.X., Fu Q.
Int J Mol Sci 2018 19(12)
Differential Responses of <i>OsMPK</i>s in IR56 Rice to Two BPH Populations of Different Virulence Levels.
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Zhou X., Liao H., Chern M., Yin J., Chen Y., Wang J., Zhu X., Chen Z., Yuan C., Zhao W., Wang J., Li W., He M., Ma B., Wang J., Qin P., Chen W., Wang Y., Liu J., Qian Y., Wang W., Wu X., Li P., Zhu L., Li S., Ronald P.C., Chen X.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2018 115(12) 3174-3179
Loss of function of a rice TPR-domain RNA-binding protein confers broad-spectrum disease resistance.
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Wang J., Islam F., Li L., Long M., Yang C., Jin X., Ali B., Mao B., Zhou W.
Int J Mol Sci 2017 18(9)
Complementary RNA-Sequencing Based Transcriptomics and iTRAQ Proteomics Reveal the Mechanism of the Alleviation of Quinclorac Stress by Salicylic Acid in Oryza sativa ssp. japonica.
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Kuang J., Liu J., Mei J., Wang C., Hu H., Zhang Y., Sun M., Ning X., Xiao L., Yang L.
Sci Rep 2017 7(1) 11333
A Class II small heat shock protein OsHsp18.0 plays positive roles in both biotic and abiotic defense responses in rice.
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Zhang W., Wu L., Ding Y., Yao X., Wu X., Weng F., Li G., Liu Z., Tang S., Ding C., Wang S.
J. Plant Res. 2017
Nitrogen fertilizer application affects lodging resistance by altering secondary cell wall synthesis in japonica rice (Oryza sativa).
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Wu L., Zhang W., Ding Y., Zhang J., Cambula E.D., Weng F., Liu Z., Ding C., Tang S., Chen L., Wang S., Li G.
Front Plant Sci 2017 8 881
Shading Contributes to the Reduction of Stem Mechanical Strength by Decreasing Cell Wall Synthesis in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
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Song A., Xue G., Cui P., Fan F., Liu H., Yin C., Sun W., Liang Y.
Sci Rep 2016 6 24640
The role of silicon in enhancing resistance to bacterial blight of hydroponic- and soil-cultured rice.
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Huang W.K., Ji H.L., Gheysen G., Kyndt T.
Mol. Plant Pathol. 2016 17(4) 614-24
Thiamine-induced priming against root-knot nematode infection in rice involves lignification and hydrogen peroxide generation.
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You Q., Zhai K., Yang D., Yang W., Wu J., Liu J., Pan W., Wang J., Zhu X., Jian Y., Liu J., Zhang Y., Deng Y., Li Q., Lou Y., Xie Q., He Z.
Cell Host Microbe 2016 20(6) 758-769
An E3 Ubiquitin Ligase-BAG Protein Module Controls Plant Innate Immunity and Broad-Spectrum disease resistance.
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Yang X., Gong P., Li K., Huang F., Cheng F., Pan G.
J. Exp. Bot. 2016 67(9) 2761-76
A single cytosine deletion in the OsPLS1 gene encoding vacuolar-type H+-ATPase subunit A1 leads to premature leaf senescence and seed dormancy in rice.
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Katsuragi Y., Takai R., Furukawa T., Hirai H., Morimoto T., Katayama T., Murakami T., Che F.S.
Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2015
CD2-1, the C-terminal region of flagellin, modulates the induction of immune responses in rice.
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Noda S., Koshiba T., Hattori T., Yamaguchi M., Suzuki S., Umezawa T.
Planta 2015 242(3) 589-600
The expression of a rice secondary wall-specific cellulose synthase gene, OsCesA7, is directly regulated by a rice transcription factor, OsMYB58/63.
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Tonnessen B.W., Manosalva P., Lang J.M., Baraoidan M., Bordeos A., Mauleon R., Oard J., Hulbert S., Leung H., Leach J.E.
Plant Mol. Biol. 2014
Rice phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene OsPAL4 is associated with broad spectrum disease resistance.
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Wu Z., Gui S., Wang S., Ding Y.
BMC Evol. Biol. 2014 14 100
Molecular evolution and functional characterisation of an ancient phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (NnPAL1) from Nelumbo nucifera: novel insight into the evolution of the PAL family in angiosperms.
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Duan L., Liu H., Li X., Xiao J., Wang S.
Physiol Plant 2014
Multiple phytohormones and phytoalexins are involved in disease resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae invaded from roots in rice.
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Fang C., Zhuang Y., Xu T., Li Y., Li Y., Lin W.
J. Chem. Ecol. 2013 39(2) 204-12
Changes in rice allelopathy and rhizosphere microflora by inhibiting rice phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene expression.
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Rawal H.C., Singh N.K., Sharma T.R.
International Journal of Genomics 2013 2013 678969
Conservation, divergence, and genome-wide distribution of PAL and POX A gene families in plants
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Geng S., Li A., Tang L., Yin L., Wu L., Lei C., Guo X., Zhang X., Jiang G., Zhai W., Wei Y., Zheng Y., Lan X., Mao L.
J. Exp. Bot. 2013 64(11) 3125-36
TaCPK2-A, a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene that is required for wheat powdery mildew resistance enhances bacterial blight resistance in transgenic rice.
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Koshiba T.a, Hirose N.a, Mukai M.a, Yamamura M.a, Hattori T.a d, Suzuki S.a, Sakamoto M.b, Umezawa T.a c
Plant Biotechnology 2013 30 157-167
Characterization of 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde O-methyltransferase in Oryza sativa
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Park H.L., Lee S.W., Jung K.H., Hahn T.R., Cho M.H.
Phytochemistry 2013 96 57-71
Transcriptomic analysis of UV-treated rice leaves reveals UV-induced phytoalexin biosynthetic pathways and their regulatory networks in rice.
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Wakabayashi K., Soga K., Hoson T.
J. Plant Physiol. 2012 169(3) 262-7
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cell wall peroxidase are cooperatively involved in the extensive formation of ferulate network in cell walls of developing rice shoots.
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Giberti S., Bertea C.M., Narayana R., Maffei M.E., Forlani G.
J. Plant Physiol. 2012 169(3) 249-54
Two phenylalanine ammonia lyase isoforms are involved in the elicitor-induced response of rice to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.
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Liu H., Li X., Xiao J., Wang S.
Plant Methods 2012 8(1) 2
A convenient method for simultaneous quantification of multiple phytohormones and metabolites: application in study of rice-bacterium interaction.
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Xie X.Z., Xue Y.J., Zhou J.J., Zhang B., Chang H., Takano M.
Mol Plant 2011 4(4) 688-96
Phytochromes regulate SA and JA signaling pathways in rice and are required for developmentally controlled resistance to Magnaporthe grisea.
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Shen X., Liu H., Yuan B., Li X., Xu C., Wang S.
Plant Cell Environ. 2011 34(2) 179-91
OsEDR1 negatively regulates rice bacterial resistance via activation of ethylene biosynthesis.
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Shen X,Yuan B,Liu H,Li X,Xu C,Wang S
Plant J. 2010 64(1) 86-99
Opposite functions of a rice mitogen-activated protein kinase in the process of resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae.
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Xiao,W., Liu,H., Li,Y., Li,X., Xu,C., Long,M. and Wang,S.
PLoS One 2009 4 (2) E4603
A rice gene of de novo origin negatively regulates pathogen-induced defense response
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Tao Z,Liu H,Qiu D,Zhou Y,Li X,Xu C,Wang S
Plant Physiol. 2009 151(2) 936-48
A pair of allelic WRKY genes play opposite roles in rice-bacteria interactions.
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Sudo E., Itouga M., Kayo Yoshida-Hatanaka, Ono Y., Sakakibara H.
J. Exp. Bot. 2008 59(12) 3465-74
Gene expression and sensitivity in response to copper stress in rice leaves.
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Lin YZ,Chen HY,Kao R,Chang SP,Chang SJ,Lai EM
Phytochemistry 2008 69 715-28
Proteomic analysis of rice defense response induced by probenazole.
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Takakura Y., Fang-Sik Che, Ishida Y., Tsutsumi F., Kurotani K., Usami S., Isogai A., Imaseki H.
Mol. Plant Pathol. 2008 9(4) 525-9
Expression of a bacterial flagellin gene triggers plant immune responses and confers disease resistance in transgenic rice plants.
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Yuan,B., Shen,X., Li,X., Xu,C. and Wang,S.
Planta. 2007 226(4) 953-960
Mitogen-activated protein kinase OsMPK6 negatively regulates rice disease resistance to bacterial pathogens
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Hai Hong Bi, Ren Sen Zeng, Li Ming Su, An M., Shi Ming Luo
J. Chem. Ecol. 2007 33(5) 1089-103
Rice allelopathy induced by methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate.
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Mase K., Sato K., Nakano Y., Nishikubo N., Tsuboi Y., Zhou J., Kitano H., Katayama Y.
Plant Cell Rep. 2005 24(8) 487-93
The ectopic expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase with ectopic accumulation of polysaccharide-linked hydroxycinnamoyl esters in internode parenchyma of rice mutant Fukei 71.
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Tanaka N., Fang-Sik Che, Watanabe N., Fujiwara S., Takayama S., Isogai A.
Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 2003 16(5) 422-8
Flagellin from an incompatible strain of Acidovorax avenae mediates H2O2 generation accompanying hypersensitive cell death and expression of PAL, Cht-1, and PBZ1, but not of Lox in rice.
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Sakurai N., Katayama Y., Yamaya T.
Physiol Plant 2001 113(3) 400-408
Overlapping expression of cytosolic glutamine synthetase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in immature leaf blades of rice.
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Minami,E., Ozeki,Y., Matsuoka,M., Koizuka,N. and Tanaka,Y.
Eur. J. Biochem. 1989 185(1) 19-25
Structure and some characterization of the gene for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from rice plants.
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DB Reference
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Gramene ID
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GR:0060593
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Ontologies
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Gene Ontology
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biosynthetic process( GO:0009058 )
phenylpropanoid metabolic process( GO:0009698 )
lignan biosynthetic process( GO:0009807 )
response to jasmonic acid stimulus( GO:0009753 )
ammonia-lyase activity( GO:0016841 )
response to molecule of bacterial origin( GO:0002237 )
response to light intensity( GO:0009642 )
response to herbicide( GO:0009635 )
defense response to insect( GO:0002213 )
defense response, incompatible interaction( GO:0009814 )
seed development( GO:0048316 )
response to salicylic acid stimulus( GO:0009751 )
defense response to bacterium( GO:0042742 )
lignin biosynthetic process( GO:0009809 )
response to copper ion( GO:0046688 )
response to vitamin B1( GO:0010266 )
secondary cell wall biogenesis( GO:0009834 )
anthocyanin biosynthetic process( GO:0009718 )
L-phenylalanine catabolic process( GO:0006559 )
cytoplasm( GO:0005737 )
ammonia ligase activity( GO:0016211 )
response to heat( GO:0009408 )
response to UV( GO:0009411 )
salicylic acid biosynthetic process( GO:0009697 )
defense response to fungus( GO:0050832 )
response to gibberellin stimulus( GO:0009739 )
response to brassinosteroid stimulus( GO:0009741 )
phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process( GO:0009699 )
response to water deprivation( GO:0009414 )
flavonoid biosynthetic process( GO:0009813 )
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Trait Ontology
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flavonoid content( TO:0000290 )
drought tolerance( TO:0000276 )
anthocyanin content( TO:0000071 )
brassinosteroid sensitivity( TO:0002677 )
gibberellic acid sensitivity( TO:0000166 )
sheath blight disease resistance( TO:0000255 )
leaf color( TO:0000326 )
heat tolerance( TO:0000259 )
brown planthopper resistance( TO:0000424 )
bacterial blight disease resistance( TO:0000175 )
silicon sensitivity( TO:0000031 )
UV light sensitivity( TO:0000160 )
allelopathic effect( TO:0000624 )
lignin biosynthesis trait( TO:0000733 )
lignin content( TO:0000731 )
blast disease( TO:0000074 )
seed development trait( TO:0000653 )
herbicide sensitivity( TO:0000058 )
light intensity sensitivity( TO:0000460 )
stem strength( TO:0000051 )
nitrogen sensitivity( TO:0000011 )
copper sensitivity( TO:0000021 )
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Plant Ontology
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seed development stage( PO:0001170 )
whole plant( PO:0000003 )
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Related Strains
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Phenotype images
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Last updated
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Mar 21, 2026
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Update info.