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It is evident from the
informations presented above, that differentiation of alpha-amylase
isozymes into malt type and green type have taken place in the very
early stage of, or before differentiation of Gramineae, that is the
dual genetic system of two types of alpha-amylase isozymes, which was
confirmed at first in wheat and its relatives (Nishikawa et al 1989,
Furuta et al unpublished) is a characteristics common to the whole
family. One more important aspect is that there are more or less
intraspecific genetic variations in amylase isozymes in this family,
especially in Triticinae. In addition, common wheat and oat,
hexaploid species, have triplicate genetic system. Interspecific
variation and polyploidy no doubt result in the considerable genetic
variation of alpha-
and beta-amylase
isozymes. Nishikawa and Nobuhara (1971), Nishikawa et al (1975, 1980,
1988) analyzed the genetic variation of those isozymes in di- and
tetraploid wheat as well as hexaploid wheat. In addition, diploid
ancestral species of tetra- and hexaploid wheat were also analyzed.
Based on these results, phylogeny of common and tetraploid wheat was
discussed (Nishikawa et al 1980, 1992). Some of alpha-amylase loci
were analyzed and mapped on the chromosomes of homoeologous groups 6
and 7 (Nishikawa et al 1981). On the other hand, the fewer studies
comparable to those in wheat were reported in oat, corn and rice and
of course in millet.
Huang et al (1992) compared DNA base sequences of alpha-amylase among
rice, barley and wheat, and classified the genes into two families or
three subfamilies and discussed about phylogeny of this enzyme in
Gramineae. The present results at the enzyme level well consistent
with data at DNA sequence level.
References
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Gonokami Y, Nishikawa K and Furuta Y (1992) Adsorption of malt type
alpha-amylase to raw starch. Japan J Breed 42 (suppl 2): 316-317.
Huang N, Stebbins GL and Rodriguez RL (1992) Classification and
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89: 7526- 7530.
Nishikawa K (1983) Species relationship of wheat and its putative
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Nishikawa K and Nobuhara (1971) Genetic studies of alpha-amylase
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Nishikawa K, Furuta Y and Ban T (1989) The dual genetic systems for
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Nishikawa K, Furuta Y and Wada T (1980) Genetic studies of
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Nishikawa K, Furuta Y, Hina Y and Yamada T (1981) Genetic studies of
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Nishikawa K, Furuta Y, Hiraku T and Takayanagi M (1988) Variation and
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Nishikawa K, Furuta Y, Yamada T and Kudo S (1992) Genetic studies of
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species and phylogeny of tetraploid wheat. Jpn J Genet 67: 1-15.
Sargeant JB and Walker TS (1978) Adsorption of wheat alpha-amylase
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Tateoka T (1959) The family Gramineae (in Japanese). Meibundo (Tokyo)
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